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ResearchConstellation Design

4 / 5 — pages in this section

Constellation & Ground-Track Design

Shells laid out so one ground station hears every satellite.

Updated Oct 20, 2026

Ground track of one Ring-24 satellite over 24 hours, 1,100 km, 53° (example calculation)
One satellite of the Ring-24 shell over 24 hours. Orange: first orbit; triangle: example ground station.

The question

A ground station hears a satellite only while it is above the horizon. We design shells — altitude, inclination, number of planes — so that a single station on the Korean Peninsula gets regular passes from every satellite.

Methods, tools and data

GeometryGround tracks with J2 nodal drift, repeat-track charts
PhasingDifferential drag instead of propulsion
SchedulingPass-time allocation for one station, many satellites
ToolThe orbit calculator on this site

Representative papers

  1. 27

    “Ground-track repeat design for a 24-plane shell with uneven launch slots”

    J. Kwon, S. Lee, H. Cho*

    Journal of Spaceflight Geometry, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 211–229, 2026

    Intl. JournalConstellation & Ground-Track Design

    LINK 27PDF 27

  2. 22

    「지상국 한 곳으로 운영하는 군집 위성의 통과 시간 배분」

    권지호, 이서윤, 조하늘*

    한국궤도역학회 춘계학술대회(가상), 논문집 112–113쪽, 2026

    Dom. Conf.Constellation & Ground-Track Design

    PDF 22

  3. 20

    “Inclination–altitude maps of daily revisit for mid-latitude ground stations”

    S. Lee+, J. Kwon+, H. Cho*

    Orbital Debris Science, Vol. 8, Art. 77, 2025

    Intl. JournalConstellation & Ground-Track Design

    LINK 20PDF 20

All constellations papers

People on this topic

  • Seoyun Lee Drag-based phasing of constellation shells
  • Jiho Kwon Repeat ground tracks over mid-latitude stations
  • Hyunwoo Baek Coverage maps for the orbit calculator

Other topics